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A damper is a mechanical device designed to control the flow of air or gas through ducts, chimneys, or pipelines. Acting like a precision-built valve, it can adjust airflow, pressure, or temperature to maintain the right conditions in HVAC, industrial ventilation, or process systems. In many installations, dampers are essential for achieving efficient performance, improving energy use, and ensuring safety compliance.

A damper uses one or more blades—mounted within a frame—that rotate to open, close, or partially restrict airflow. By adjusting these blades, the damper controls how much air or gas passes through a section of the system. Some dampers are designed for simple open/close control, while others modulate flow continuously for fine-tuned performance. This level of control helps optimise system efficiency, maintain consistent environmental conditions, and protect critical equipment.

Dampers come in a variety of designs, each suited to specific applications:

• Volume Control Dampers (VCDs): Adjust airflow to balance HVAC systems.
• Fire Dampers: Automatically close during a fire to prevent flames and smoke from spreading.
• Smoke Dampers: Contain smoke in designated areas during an emergency.
• Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers: Offer dual protection against both flames and smoke.
• Backdraft Dampers: Allow air to flow in one direction only, preventing backflow.
• Blast Dampers: Protect systems from explosive overpressure events.

Fire dampers are typically required wherever ductwork penetrates walls, floors, or partitions with a fire-resistance rating of two hours or more. They must also be installed in all non-ducted air transfer openings in rated walls, regardless of the wall’s rating. Compliance ensures that in the event of a fire, flames and smoke are contained, protecting both people and property.